Sunday, December 29, 2019

Is Your Stress Impacting Your Family Importance Of...

Is Your Stress Impacting Your Family? Importance of Caregivers Managing Personal Stress As parents and caregivers, we might not always make ourselves a priority. Daily pressures can add up, causing us to stress out. When you do start to stress out, are you able to not only recognize it, but also take steps to de-stress? A New Year signals a new beginning, so in 2016, let’s slow down and take a look internally at what we can do to understand and lower the levels of stress we experience. What is Stress? Stress is your body s way of responding to any kind of demand. It can be caused by both good and bad experiences. When we are stressed, our bodies release chemicals that signal us to react. Good stress on our body, to a point, increases productivity. However, negative stress can cause the opposite effect on our bodies. In essence, we have a breaking point after which our bodies start to signal that it’s time to pull back and relax: (Photo Credit: Elon.edu) What Causes Stress? Stress can be brought on for a number of reasons. It’s also important to note that some instances might impact you much more than the person next to you and vice versa. For example, think about that popular ride at the amusement park. You might freak out and be scared to death about going on a ride. Your palms might sweat, your heartbeat might start spiking and maybe even your breathing becomes intense. However, your friend might be excited, laughing and having the time of his life going on theShow MoreRelateddementia unit 33 Essay5508 Words   |  23 Pagesvariant frontotemporal dementia (bvFTD) takes its greatest toll on personality and behavior. It may begin with subtle changes that may be mistaken for depression. As bvFTD progresses people often develop disinhibition, a striking loss of restraint in personal relations and social life.†¨ Primary progressive aphasia (PPA) affects language skills in early stages, but often also affects behavior as it advances. The two chief forms of PPA have somewhat different symptoms: 0 In semantic dementia, people speakRead MoreHealth, Safety and Welfare in Ecce Setting19648 Words   |  79 Pages Recommendations Bibliography â€Å"The effective functioning of child rearing processes in the family and other child settings requires public policies and practices that provide place, time, stability, status, recognition, belief systems, customs and actions in support of child rearing activities not only on the part of parents, caregivers, teachers and other professional personnel, but also relatives, friends, neighbours, co-workers, communities and the major economicRead MoreHealth, Safety and Welfare in Ecce Setting19648 Words   |  79 Pages Recommendations Bibliography â€Å"The effective functioning of child rearing processes in the family and other child settings requires public policies and practices that provide place, time, stability, status, recognition, belief systems, customs and actions in support of child rearing activities not only on the part of parents, caregivers, teachers and other professional personnel, but also relatives, friends, neighbours, co-workers, communities and the major economicRead MoreStephen P. Robbins Timothy A. Judge (2011) Organizational Behaviour 15th Edition New Jersey: Prentice Hall393164 Words   |  1573 PagesEditorial Services: Ashley Santora Acquisitions Editor: Brian Mickelson Editorial Project Manager: Sarah Holle Editorial Assistant: Ashlee Bradbury VP Director of Marketing: Patrice Lumumba Jones Senior Marketing Manager: Nikki Ayana Jones Senior Managing Editor: Judy Leale Production Project Manager: Becca Groves Senior Operations Supervisor: Arnold Vila Operations Specialist: Cathleen Petersen Senior Art Director: Janet Slowik Art Director: Kenny Beck Text and Cover Designer: Wanda Espana OBRead MoreMarriage Guidance: Summary Notes19959 Words   |  80 Pagescaring, deep attachment to another person. The TRIPOD of couple relationships An intimate relationship consists of three factors that form a tripod on which the relationship rests. 1. Passionate attraction (PA) 2. Mutual expectations (ME) 3. Personal intentions (PI) Passionate attractions (PA) → Individual experiences intensely pleasurable sensations when thinking about or being with a new partner. → Blushing, trembling, breathlessness, high sexual desire → Referred to as infatuation = passingRead MoreAdvancing Effective Communicationcommunication, Cultural Competence, and Patient- and Family-Centered Care Quality Safety Equity53293 Words   |  214 PagesAdvancing Effective Communication, Cultural Competence, and Patient- and Family-Centered Care A Roadmap for Hospitals Quality Safety Equity A Roadmap for Hospitals Project Staff Amy Wilson-Stronks, M.P.P., Project Director, Health Disparities, Division of Quality Measurement and Research, The Joint Commission. Paul Schyve, M.D., Senior Vice President, The Joint Commission Christina L. Cordero, Ph.D., M.P.H., Associate Project Director, Division of Standards and Survey Methods, The Joint

Friday, December 20, 2019

Literature Review of the Mitigation Theory Essay - 1963 Words

Literature Review: The literature review is exceptionally significant in regard to understanding the concepts and theoretical ideas in regard to the securitisation of migration literature. With attention being centred on migration and security theory, especially in regard to recent literature, the basis for our argument will be established, and will continually be seeking to find any features that have been overlooked. The following chapters define what ‘securitisation’ entails, and gives a deep insight into the literature that debates its presence and then acknowledges the limitations of academic works pertained to the topic. 2.1 Migration Theory â€Å"The threat of migration is fundamentally a question of how relative numbers interact†¦show more content†¦Not only has migration become ‘the new focus for insecurity’ (Waever, 1994, p. 34) it has apparently brought with it a diverse range of problems that have allegedly ‘flooded’ Europe in the past fifteen years. With 9/11 being a subsequent reason for this threat and cause of concern, the issue of migration has escalated to such a great extent that within literature, it has â€Å"opened up a number of discursive opportunities to associate terrorism with immigration, therefore framing the issue in such a way that immigrants are categorised as posing an existential threat†(Boswell, 2010, p. 2). In order to understand why migration is apparently being securitised we must understand the essence of the problem of migration altogether. It can be portrayed that to some that it is a result of governments who have lost an insurmountable control of UK border policies in the past fifteen years whilst others claim it is because it ‘became more prominent since the violent attacks in the US on 11 September 2001’ ( Huysmans, 2006, p. 2) Undoubtedly it is a common occurrence and widespread theory to many that 9/11 provided an opportunity, or even a scapegoat, for the securitization of migration (Boswell, 2010, p. 4) and discussions on securitization. In order to gain a better understanding, it is integral to theShow MoreRelatedRisk Mitigation Plan For The Same Project905 Words   |  4 PagesTo calculate risk factor/Probability of occurrence risk exposure for the same project 4. To Identify the relevant stakeholder for the same project 5. To Develop Implement Risk Mitigat ion Plan for the same project 6. To Develop Risk Contingency Plan for the same project Problem Statement (including Literature Review) The most common risk management challenge is that risks are not properly identified. Project Managers and team members will frequently identify conditions, symptoms, events, and /Read MoreOcean Iron Fertilization By Oceanographer John Martin1699 Words   |  7 Pagesthe rise and the effects of global warming becoming increasingly devastating, it is imperative now more than ever that every mitigation strategy be thoroughly explored. Although ocean iron fertilization may seem like a fairly simple method of sequestering carbon dioxide, there is in fact a plethora of issues linked to this mitigation strategy. The aim of this literature review is to examine and analyze some of the aspects that make ocean iron fertilization such a controversial method of carbon sequestrationRead MoreThe Extent to which Strategic Environmental Assessment (SEA) Can Contribute towards Mitigation and Adaptation to Climate Change Futures1062 Words   |  5 Pagesnature as whole according to the recent projec tions (IPCC 2013; Bondeau et al. 2013). This anticipated hazard is unavoidable to some extent though the source of the problem (‘green house gas’ emission) is barred right now (IPCC 2014a). Combination of mitigation (reducing or capturing GHG) and adaptation effort has been suggested both in the short and long term to achieve the complementary advantage (i.e. cost) and to reduce the risk (IPCC 2014a; 2014b). Transportation, residential and business energyRead MoreBanking Regulation Basel II1533 Words   |  7 PagesProcyclicality in minimum regulatory capital charges for credit risk There is a vast amount of literature available on the additional procyclicality of regulatory capital charges in Pillar 1 of Basel II. In this section, we shall briefly visit this literature and see if any conclusions can be drawn from this, before proceeding to the conclusion and mitigation of these procyclical effects. The majority of the literature, as expected, focuses primarily on the IRB approach, as this aspect of Basel II has drawnRead MoreTerrorism And International Business Research1130 Words   |  5 Pagesheightening implications for both theory and practice. This research paper is a novel exploratory study of how international businesses apply past terrorism exposure and experience from operating in risky locations to create organizational preparedness and performance resilience to endure future terrorist attacks. The unique firm level research provides a theoretical contribution by building upon n the literature calling from Vogus and Sutcliffe, (2007) for developing a theory of organizational resilienceRead MoreThe Emergency Management Planning Process1305 Words   |  6 Pagesto a vision and goal, information collection or fact base, mitigation, response and recovery strategies. The emergency manager is critically to disaster relief as they are responsible for the implementation, monitoring and evaluation of all disaster relief plan. This paper will discuss the six steps in the emergency management planning process. The six steps being discussed in this paper are criteria suggested by academic literature as essential to effective planning processes and plans regardlessRead MoreTerrorism Is Very Real For Mnes Essay1233 Words   |  5 Pagesboth theory and practice. The research question addressed by this exploratory study is how international businesses apply past terrorism exposure and experience from operating in risky locations to create organizational preparedness and performance resilience to absorb and endure future terrorist attacks. This paper contributes to the international business literature by addressing a gap in the literature how firms can prepare for and respond to terrorism. The study contributes to a theory of organizationalRead MoreAg ency Theory Essay 329591 Words   |  119 Pages1 The Fundamental Agency Problem and Its Mitigation: Independence, Equity, and the Market for Corporate Control DAN R. DALTON Kelley School of Business, Indiana University MICHAELA. HITT Mays College of Business, Texas AM University S. TREVIS CERTO Mays College of Business, Texas AM University CATHERINE M. DALTON Kelley School of Business, Indiana University Abstract A central tenet of agency theory is that there is potential for mischief when the interests of owners andRead MoreThe Theories Of Risk Communications1205 Words   |  5 PagesTheories of Risk Communications: Part 2 This is a review of Sellnow Seeger (2013) chapters five, six, and seven of the course reading utilizing outside materials to provide support. The paper will address chaos theory and coordination theory, their use and their role in emergency communication. Community resilience will be reviewed and its importance examined. News framing theory s role in crisis communication will be evaluated and uses and gratifications theory will be explained. The reviewRead MoreEvaluation Approach And Methodological Framework1554 Words   |  7 Pageswill deal with the plan’s structure and process, rather than its outcomes. Therefore, it will be a formative evaluation which can be also described as process evaluation; because it will focus on the ways of implementation and relation of programme theory with actual operations (Morra, 2009). Moreover, the evaluation will be comprehensive and inclusive enough to reflect all the concerns and developments in the member states. The evaluation w ill employ mostly qualitative and marginally quantitative

Thursday, December 12, 2019

Physical Therapy Case Study

Question: 1. What aspect of the history should alert the therapist to the possibility of a serious pathology? 2. What is the significance of night pain that is unrelated to movement? 3. Although this patient's symptoms resembled radiculopathy and strength testing did not refute the hypothesis, there was nothing in the motion tests to confirm diagnosis. So what is a plausible explanation for the throbbing sensation that the patient experienced? 4. Describe how, as a therapist, you might physically assess the throbbing sensation described by the patient? 5. What clue(s) in the patient's history helped to confirm your assessment in question #3? 6. What techniques or methods do you routinely use to evaluate a patient you suspect has a DVT? After reading this week's articles, would you do anything differently? Answer: 1. In the case study, the patient is reported with a 12-year history of having hypertension and high level of cholesterol. This long-term phenomenon raises a possibility of serious pathology as the high blood pressure through thicker arteries may result in the throbbing problem and the high cholesterol level results in the increase in thickness of the arteries that block the normal blood flow. 2. The cause of night pain without pain may indicate the mechanical problem associated with disc degeneration in the spine. The patient has reported with a throbbing sensation in the right flank and the groin region. Apart from that, the patient is also had a muscle weakness and muscle fatigue was found in the L3-4 distribution. An increase in the muscle tone was also found in the paraspinal muscles ranging in the thoracic lumber region of T9-L4. 3. Symptoms of radiculopathy associated with pain, weakness in the arms and legs and numbness. Radiculopathy is the condition results from the compression of a nerve in the spine that ultimately leads to pain. The patient had a history of doing heavy weight lifting which may lead to disc herniation. A fatigable weakness was also found when the throbbing occurred. After a period of physical therapy with spinal mobilization and exercise session, the patient shows a decrease in muscle tone but having a throbbing experience. The possible reasons behind the throbbing lie in the abnormal blood flow due to an elevation in the artery thickness. The high blood pressure through the thick arteries results in the rhythmic repetition of the pain (Kearon Akl, 2014). 4. The patient has reported of feeling a throbbing sensation in the area of flank and groin region. The throbbing is on the both side of pelvis having the external oblique muscle. To assess the throbbing effect, the patient was subjected to do some physical activities like side stepping, twisting, sprinting and weight lifting. The activities will increase the abdominal pressure and thus will reveal the throbbing effect. Application of gentle pressure to arteries underlying the bone will help to understand the throbbing sensation. The patient is identified with a lodosis within the mid-lumbar region and in the mid thoracic region (Pomero et al., 2013) 5. The patient has a history of having high blood pressure and high cholesterol level. The Patient was prescribed with Valsartan, which in long term shows side effects like back pain, joint pain, dizziness, tired feeling and blurred vision. Hypertension sometimes leads to the throbbing effect due to high blood pressure in the blood vessel. The patient was also having Zocor for the treatment of hyperlipidemia. The side effect of the Zocor results in joint pain, muscle pain and sleeping problems. The high level of cholesterol in the blood accumulates lipid in the blood vessel that ultimately forms a blockage in the artery or vein. The blood clot disrupts the normal blood flow and, in turn, increases the blood pressure. The difficulty of blood flow through blood clot results in the feeling of rhythmic pain (Mirza et al., 2012). 6. As stated by Thachil (2014), when some blood clot occurs in the deep venous system, then it leads to the deep vein thrombosis (DVT). DVT is mainly found in the legs. The clot in the blood vessels very often damages the venous valves that lead to a syndrome called post-thrombotic syndrome (PTS). Pulmonary embolism is another phenomenon occurs due to some blood clots may break off and reach the lungs. The number of DVT patient is increasing, and it has become the third common vascular disease (Sander, 2013). The phenomenon of DVT is associated with endothelial cell line damage of the blood vessel, venous stasis, and circulation of clot factors. Studies have reveled that the occurrence of DVT associated with the immobility for a long period. The risk factors for the DVT are spinal cord injury, hip or knee replacement, chemotherapy and hormonal replacement therapy and obesity with increasing age. There are also such conditions that can mimic the deep vein thrombosis such as acute occl usion, cellulitis, trauma, lower limb paralysis, etc (Goldhaber Bounameaux, 2012). The patient suspected to have deep vein thrombosis need to undergo some physical testing for the identification of the disease. First of all, I will check up the overall health condition of the patient. It is important to check the previously prescribed medicine, which the patient was taking. I need to check whether the patient has undergone any surgeries or injury in recent times or not. Furthermore, I have to check on the malignancy status of the patient. During the physical examination, I will check the lower extremities of the patient to look for signs of deep vein thrombosis (Huisman Klok, 2013). I need to check up the blood pressure and the heart and lungs condition of the patient in a regular manner. The patient needs to undergo some diagnostic tests as well. Ultrasound method is very effective to determine the DVT. Ultrasound helps to create pictures of the blood flow through the arteries and vein in the affected legs by using the sound waves. If the ultrasound does not prov ide the clear image of the vein, then a dye is injected into the vein, and an X-Ray report of the leg is taken. The dye helps the vein to visible in the X-Ray, and the clots can easily point out, which is known as venography. Another test known as the D-dimer test is performed to measure the substance in the blood that released after the blood clot dissolves. If the high level of substance occurs then, the presence of deep vein thrombosis indicates (Anderson et al., 2009). After reading the article, I will focus on the clinical decision rules to measure and analyze the risk factors in more sophisticated way. The majority of the important information of clinical trials are incorporated into the CDR score to determine the probability of the DVT. The diagnosis by magnetic resonance imaging and computed tomography will give a more clear idea about the blood clots in the vein. References Anderson, C. M., Overend, T. J., Godwin, J., Sealy, C., Sunderji, A. (2009). Ambulation after deep vein thrombosis: A systematic review.Physiotherapy Canada. Physiothrapie Canada,61(3), 133-140. doi:10.3138/physio.61.3.133 Goldhaber, S. Z., Bounameaux, H. (2012). Pulmonary embolism and deep vein thrombosis.The Lancet,379(9828), 1835-1846. Huisman, M. V., Klok, F. A. (2013). Diagnostic management of acute deep vein thrombosis and pulmonary embolism.Journal of Thrombosis and Haemostasis,11(3), 412-422. Kearon, C., Akl, E. A. (2014). Duration of anticoagulant therapy for deep vein thrombosis and pulmonary embolism.Blood,123(12), 1794-1801. Mirza, A. F., Mo, J., Holt, J. L., Kairalla, J. A., Heft, M. W., Ding, M., Ahn, A. H. (2012). Is there a relationship between throbbing pain and arterial pulsations?The Journal of Neuroscience : The Official Journal of the Society for Neuroscience,32(22), 7572-7576. doi:10.1523/JNEUROSCI.0193-12.2012 Pomero, F., Dentali, F., Borretta, V., Bonzini, M., Melchio, R., Douketis, J. D., Fenoglio, L. M. (2013). Accuracy of emergency physicianperformed ultrasonography in the diagnosis of deep-vein thrombosis.Thrombosis and haemostasis,109(1), 137-145. Sander, R. (2013). Identifying deep vein thrombosis.Nursing Older People,25(9), 15 Thachil, J. (2014). Deep vein thrombosis.Hematology (Amsterdam, Netherlands),19(5), 309.

Thursday, December 5, 2019

Stressful Jobs free essay sample

For many workers stress is part of the job description. Some types of jobs trigger more stress than others, and would drive most people out of their mind. I think two of the most stressful jobs are air traffic controller and commercial airlines pilot. These jobs can be notoriously stressful because of the communication, responsibility and working hours. Communication is a vital part of these jobs. Air traffic controllers are trained to focus on the exact words pilots and other controllers speak. Commercial airlines pilots need to ensure all information on the route, passengers and controllers received, because a single misunderstanding can have tragic consequences. Next, the responsibilities of both jobs are similar. Air traffic controllers are responsible for the safety of aircraft; they analyze factors such as weather and fuel requirements, they alert the airport to emergencies and inspect and control radio equipment and airport lights. Similarly, commercial airline pilots are responsible for the passengers and coworker safety. We will write a custom essay sample on Stressful Jobs or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page They also analyze the weather, plan the route to be taken and ensure they have the correct amount of fuel required. They have to react quickly and appropriately to changes and emergencies. Finally, the working hours are variable in these jobs. Air traffic controllers work rotating shifts, including nights, weekends, and holidays because is a twenty four hour, three hundred sixty five day days a year job. Commercial airlines pilots spend a considerable amount of time away from home, because some flights are overnight, and as the same as air traffic controllers they work on weekends and holidays. In conclusion, these jobs are really stressful because they are mentally challenging and they have a great responsibility taking care of the lives of thousands of people.

Thursday, November 28, 2019

Gold Stars free essay sample

A successful student. Every school wants more than one of them. But what does it mean to be successful? The dictionary says success is â€Å"the accomplishment of an aim; a triumph.† The small, private school I attended until I was fifteen defined a successful student as one who fit into their handmade mold. I never could fit. Being a Nebraska-bred child, I grew up with bigoted views and principles branded into my mind. Act like this. Don’t support that. Become like the person next to you. Like any child who did not know better, I worked hard to stay in line. I played sports, because being athletic is important. I did my best in school, because intelligence is impressive. I made time for friends, because having a plethora of friends is healthy. All of those gold stars I earned for fitting in were nothing but a lie. I truthfully enjoyed sports, doing well in school, and having friends, but it wasn’t all I was. We will write a custom essay sample on Gold Stars or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page I wasn’t quite sure who I was, until my perfect bubble was popped, and my father announced we were moving to South Florida. Of course, I was against it. I was supposed to finish my high school years with my childhood friends. I was supposed to be conditioning all summer so I would have a chance at making the varsity volleyball team. I was supposed to keep doing well in school. My two brothers, my parents, and I packed up our gold stars and started the long drive from Lincoln, Nebraska, to Parkland, Florida. Once we had crossed over into Kansas, it was as if I could feel the bubble pop, not like a soap bubble, seemingly disappearing; but like a balloon, loud and messy, leaving pieces of torn bubble all over the floor. The first day of my sophomore year came. My first day as â€Å"the new kid.† I went through my usual routine of primping myself for school, brushing my hair, dressing in my favorite outfit, sticking on my gold stars. For some reason, the stars wouldn’t stick. Maybe it was just the material of my shirt. So I changed my outfit, finding something that might help the stars stay on better. They still wouldn’t stick. Suddenly, I knew-; this was the year I was going to stop minimizing myself to fit in a mold. I went to my closet, for a third time, and pulled out the outfit I had bought some time ago in Nebraska, but had never actually worn because it didn’t look like my friends’ clothes. Finally, I felt like me. No longer was I going to let a privileged, small town school tell me who I was supposed to be. I wasn’t like them, not at all. I liked living in Florida, a melting pot of fascinating cultures and ideas. I had even found something I loved mo re than becoming popular: writing. Words were so beautiful to me, and I couldn’t stop putting them together again and again to see what they would create. I knew it from the beginning, but refused to admit it: I never could fit. I want to be a successful student. I have aims and goals to reach, and I know that I can do it. I’m not interested in being a gold star student, or a perfect fit. I want to be a successful student by staying true to myself.

Sunday, November 24, 2019

Word Choice Coarse vs. Course

Word Choice Coarse vs. Course Word Choice: Coarse vs. Course The words â€Å"coarse† and â€Å"course† sound exactly the same. They’re also similar written down. And as such, we understand why people get these terms confused. But these words also have very different meanings. So to make sure you use them correctly, check out our guide to what they mean. Coarse (Rough or Harsh) The word â€Å"coarse† is an adjective that means â€Å"rough† or â€Å"harsh.† We therefore use it to describe the texture or feeling of something: The coarse fabric rubbed against his skin. We also say that something is â€Å"coarse† when it is made of large, loose particles. If we say that soil is â€Å"coarse,† for instance, we mean that it is loosely packed and made up of larger clumps. We also say that language or behavior is â€Å"coarse† when it is rude or impolite: Her coarse language caused uproar at the funeral. This is a bit old-fashioned, but you will still see it used like this sometimes. Course as a Noun The word â€Å"course† is usually a noun (i.e., a word that names or stands for something). This term can actually have a few different meanings, including: A process of development (e.g., The course of history†¦) A route or path of movement (e.g., The blimp changed course†¦) An ongoing medical treatment (e.g., A course of painkillers†¦) A set of classes (e.g., A college course†¦) Part of a meal (e.g., A three-course meal†¦) An area over which something extends (e.g., Water course†¦) And while these definitions are quite varied, â€Å"course† is a noun in each case. Course as a Verb â€Å"Course† can also be a verb (i.e., an action word). In this case, it usually means â€Å"flow quickly.† For example, we may say a river â€Å"courses† through a valley. A river coursing. It can also be used to mean â€Å"chase,† particularly to hunt something with dogs. These uses are rare compared to the noun definitions above, but they are still worth remembering. Coarse or Course? The trick here is to focus on â€Å"coarse,† which has one main meaning (i.e., â€Å"rough† or â€Å"harsh†). Importantly, this means â€Å"coarse† is always an adjective. As such, if you need a word that modifies a noun, it will always be â€Å"coarse.† â€Å"Course,† meanwhile, can be either a noun or a verb. So if you need a word for a thing or an action, it will be â€Å"course.† Remember: Coarse is an adjective meaning â€Å"harsh† or â€Å"rough.† As a noun, course can be many things, including a process, a route, an ongoing medical treatment, a set of classes, or part of a meal. As a verb, course means to flow quickly. And if you’d like anyone to check the word usage in your writing, let us know.

Thursday, November 21, 2019

Group Decision Making Term Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words - 1

Group Decision Making - Term Paper Example Thus, in cases where decision making involves technical aspects, tools and applications come in handy to the group members, whereas in situations that warrants identifying potential issues and challenges, brainstorming and discussions play an important role. How do groups arrive at decisions that are mutually understood and accepted? What are the different dimensions involved in the group decision making process? These are some of the questions addressed in this paper that illustrates the dynamics of group decision making through practical insights and examples. Group dynamics and decision making process Groups comprising of number of individuals provide an effective platform for enhancing performance at workplace or achieving common goals and objectives that form the primary reason for forming a group. Working in a group is riddled with challenges since individuals from different backgrounds, attitude and opinion come together to work towards common goals (O’Connell & Cuthber tson, 2009). Coordination and cooperation among the group members can be challenging since arriving at a single decision requires mutual understanding and empathy between the group members. The diversity in opinion, outlook and perspective clash at each stage of the decision making process – thereby causing conflict and failure to arrive at a single decision. However, the benefits associated to working in groups cannot be undermined since collaborative ventures can be more fruitful and have expanded potentials in terms of achieving the desired outcomes (foundation coalition, 2011). In order to overcome these challenges decision making process within groups is guided by certain norms and statutes that help the group in arriving at a decision. The effectiveness of decision making in groups is realized in the fact that an individual could not have taken the decision alone, the decision provides a perfect solution to the problem, the decision is based on unbiased inputs provided by group members and contributes to the group objectives (foundation coalition, 2011). Johnson and Johnson in their book (2009) describe five distinct methods of decision making that include decision making by authority, decision making by majority, decision making by minority, decision making by expert and decision making by consensus. Among these methods decision making by expert and consensus are widely used in most scenarios. Group discussions and problem solving processes in groups are often presided by experts who can provide their valuable opinion and views in context that helps the group in making the final decision. Often the expert is one of the members of the groups and in some cases an external individual might be consulted or asked to preside over the discussions to enable the group to take judicious decisions. However, the primary challenge in this decision making approach lies in identifying a key member of the group or external individual who is acknowledged as an ex pert in the given context by all members of the group. â€Å"Group members who do not view the expert as an authority may be reluctant to implement the recommended decision† (O’Connell & Cuthbertson, 2009). Decision making by group consensus is commonly applied in teams working towards common goals and objectives. The term consensus implies that all members of th